Family income-to-needs at age 3 predicts both EF and ToM through age 5¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r3 · q3
Currency · newest study 2014 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Income-to-needs at age 3 was significantly related to EF (β = .31, p < .001) and ToM (β = .23, p = .02), and continued to predict both at ages 4 and 5 via indirect effects. → Marcovitch S. 2014

Evidence¶

Marcovitch S. 2014¶

Marcovitch S., O'Brien M., Calkins S. D., Leerkes E. M., Weaver J. M., Levine D. W. (2014). A Longitudinal Assessment of the Relation between Executive Function and Theory of Mind at 3, 4, and 5 Years. Cognitive Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2014.07.001

q3 · i? · associational · r3

Preliminary analyses of the latent variable model in the 226-child sample; tests of indirect effects showed income-to-needs continued to predict EF at 4 (B = .29, p = .01) and 5 (B = .17, p = .01) and ToM at 4 (B = .17, p = .01) and 5 (B = .15, p = .01).

"Income-to-needs measured at age 3 was significantly related to both EF (β = .31, p < .001) and ToM (β = .23, p = .02), partially consistent with Hughes and Ensor (2007)'s findings that social disadvantage related to EF but not ToM"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Socioeconomic Status — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause

Related Claims¶

• The developmental precedence of EF over ToM persists from 4 to 5 years of age — related
• Executive function at age 3 predicts theory of mind at age 4, controlling for gender, income-to-needs, and receptive language — related
• Girls show early EF and ToM advantages, but the EF advantage diminishes with age while the ToM advantage persists — related
• EF and ToM each show substantial longitudinal stability from 3 to 5 years — related
• Earlier theory of mind does not uniquely predict later executive function at either transition — related