The climate × immigrant status interaction is robust across alternative specifications, sampling weights, and multiple imputation¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r3 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? The hypothesized interaction replicated in 3 of 3 models without controls, 5 of 6 weighted models, and 12 of 12 alternative models; MICE results were substantively unchanged. → Anatolia Batruch 2026

Evidence¶

Anatolia Batruch 2026¶

Anatolia Batruch, Nicolas Sommet, Eva G.T. Green. (2026). Teachers' immigration attitudes and students' performance. Learning and Instruction 102 (2026) 102303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102303

q3 · i? · associational · r3

Robustness analyses re-estimated the fixed-effects interaction using multilevel models, double-demeaned models, stratified analyses, and sampling weights (Fay's method, senate weights). One weighted mathematics model with controls was marginal (p < .10); MICE models confirmed the first-generation interaction in all three domains.

"We replicated the hypothesized effect in 12 of 12 models."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• The interaction between school diversity climate (aggregated teachers' immigration attitudes) and immigrant status significantly predicts performance in science, mathematics, and reading — a broader claim this one bears on
• First-generation immigrant students perform better in science, mathematics, and reading in schools where teachers hold more inclusionary immigration attitudes — related
• School diversity climate shows no significant effect on performance for non-immigrant or second-generation students — related
• In the PISA 2018 German illustration, students were assigned to 40 intersectional strata with sample sizes ranging from 3 to 512 — related