In the PISA 2018 German illustration, students were assigned to 40 intersectional strata with sample sizes ranging from 3 to 512¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · review r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2023 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Crossing gender, immigrant background, parental education, and five levels of parental occupational status yields 40 strata (2 × 2 × 2 × 5). → Keller 2023 q2 i? Stratum sample sizes ranged from 3 to 512 students, with 85% of strata having 20 or more students. → Keller 2023 (2)

Evidence¶

Keller 2023¶

Keller, L., Lüdtke, O., Preckel, F., & Brunner, M. (2023). Educational Inequalities at the Intersection of Multiple Social Categories: An Introduction and Systematic Review of the Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) Approach. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09733-5

q2 · i? · review · r2

Strata formation step in the empirical illustration using the German PISA 2018 sample (N = 5451). The article prints the strata count as "J = 40 strata (i.e., 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 40)".

"This implies that each student is assigned to one of J = 40 strata (i.e., 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 40), each of which is characterized by a unique combination of students' gender, immigrant background, parental education, and parental occupational status."

Keller 2023 (2)¶

Keller, L., Lüdtke, O., Preckel, F., & Brunner, M. (2023). Educational Inequalities at the Intersection of Multiple Social Categories: An Introduction and Systematic Review of the Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) Approach. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09733-5

q2 · i? · review · r2

Sample-size check reported in the Measures section of the empirical illustration. The article states "The number of students per strata ranged from 3 to 512" and judges the distribution sufficient to preclude substantial underestimation of between-strata variance.

"The number of students per strata ranged from 3 to 512 (Table S3), with 85% of the strata having 20 or more students and 90% having ten or more students."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• MAIHDA is more scalable and parsimonious than the traditional regression approach with full interaction terms — related
• Precision-weighted shrinkage in MAIHDA yields reliable conservative estimates for small strata and helps solve the multiple-testing problem — a broader claim this one bears on
• Prior research attributes reading achievement inequalities to the simultaneous, mutually constitutive operation of SES, immigrant background, and gender — related
• The variance partition coefficient from the simple intersectional model quantifies how useful intersectional strata are for predicting educational outcomes — a broader claim this one bears on
• A systematic review identified 21 publications applying intersectional MAIHDA analysis, primarily in the health sciences — related
• The climate × immigrant status interaction is robust across alternative specifications, sampling weights, and multiple imputation — related