Stricter, longer lockdowns are associated with increases (or smaller declines) in students' expected protest participation, strongest for legal protest¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r3 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Larger increases (or smaller declines) in expectations to participate in protest activities occurred where lockdown stringency was high and school closures were long. → Kennedy 2026 q2 i? The strongest association with average stringency was with the legal protest activities scale (0.09SD). → Kennedy 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Kennedy 2026¶

Kennedy, A. I., Mejía-Rodríguez, A. M., Strietholt, R. (2026). Civic Education Outcomes After Emergency Lockdowns: International Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Preprint submitted to Learning and Instruction. https://github.com/OxCGRT/covid-policy-dataset

q2 · i? · associational · r3

Fixed-effects regression of ICCS 2016/2022 changes on OxCGRT measures. The article reports "larger increases (or smaller declines) in expectations to participate in protest activities" under stricter, longer lockdowns.

"there were larger increases (or smaller declines) in expectations to participate in protest activities when lockdown stringency was high and school closures were long (with the strongest association found between average stringency and changes in the legal protest activities measure)."

Kennedy 2026 (2)¶

Kennedy, A. I., Mejía-Rodríguez, A. M., Strietholt, R. (2026). Civic Education Outcomes After Emergency Lockdowns: International Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Preprint submitted to Learning and Instruction. https://github.com/OxCGRT/covid-policy-dataset

q2 · i? · associational · r3

Comparison of standardized coefficients across outcomes. The legal protest scale showed "the strongest association found with the average stringency measure", printed as 0.09SD.

"the strongest association found with the average stringency measure was with the legal protest activities scale (0.09SD)."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Civic Mindedness — outcome: instruction changes it

Related Claims¶

• Robustness of the lockdown-civic outcome associations varies by outcome, with legal protest and trust/closure results most consistent — related
• Lockdown measures are positively associated with expected political participation but show null or negative associations with expected electoral participation — a broader claim this one bears on
• Longer school closures are associated with greater declines in grade 8 civic knowledge — related