Self-reported trait emotions were rated significantly higher than aggregated states for some emotions and timepoints (anger, pride, shame, boredom), but the memory-experience gap did not hold uniformly and anxiety showed the reverse descriptive pattern¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Self-reported traits were rated statistically significantly higher than aggregated states for anger (T1, T3), pride (all timepoints), shame (T3), and boredom (T2, T3), while most differences were small and many did not reach significance. → Keller 2025 q3 i? For anxiety, aggregated states were descriptively rated higher than self-reported traits, with non-significant differences. → Keller 2025 (2)

Evidence¶

Keller 2025¶

Keller, M. M., Yanagida, T., Lüdtke, O., & Goetz, T. (2025). How Similar Are Students' Aggregated State Emotions to Their Self-Reported Trait Emotions? Results from a Measurement Burst Design Across Three School Years. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-09995-1

q3 · i? · associational · r2

One-sample t-tests per emotion at each timepoint on 100 multiply imputed data (N = 161). The study reports that "self-reported traits were rated statistically significantly higher" for the listed emotion-timepoint combinations; Cohen's d values are printed in Table 4 but not in this quote.

"Specifically, self-reported traits were rated statistically significantly higher for anger (at T1 and T3), for pride (at all timepoints), for shame (at T3), and for boredom (at T2 and T3)."

Keller 2025 (2)¶

Keller, M. M., Yanagida, T., Lüdtke, O., & Goetz, T. (2025). How Similar Are Students' Aggregated State Emotions to Their Self-Reported Trait Emotions? Results from a Measurement Burst Design Across Three School Years. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-09995-1

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Same t-test analysis of mean-level differences. The article states the anxiety difference ran in the opposite direction descriptively and "the differences were not statistically significant"; no equivalence test was reported.

"For anxiety, aggregated states were descriptively rated higher than self-reported traits, but the differences were not statistically significant."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Aggregated state emotions converge substantially but imperfectly with self-reported trait emotions, with averaged correlations ranging from r = 0.391 (shame) to r = 0.608 (boredom) — related
• Aggregated state emotions show no superior incremental predictive validity over self-reported traits for academic outcomes; traits corrected for states were only systematically correlated with criteria for enjoyment and somewhat for pride — related
• Students report statistically significant levels of boredom during mathematics tests, for both trait and state measures — related