Nap benefits for no-feedback retrieval-practice items appear at both 90-minute immediate and 24-hour delayed tests¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q2 · i3 large
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i3 The learning condition × nap status interaction was significant (ηp2 = 0.18), with the nap group outperforming the wake group only under no-feedback retrieval practice in both immediate and delayed tests. → Jing Zhang 2025

Evidence¶

Jing Zhang 2025¶

Jing Zhang, Xiaoning Huo, Hongbo Lv, Jiahua Xu & Xiaofeng Ma. (2025). Offline consolidation mechanisms of the retrieval practice effect: an analysis based on EEG signal characteristics. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00349-8

q2 · i3 · causal · r2

Omnibus repeated-measures ANOVA on recall accuracy with learning condition and test timing within-subjects and nap status between-subjects; ηp2 = 0.18 for the interaction, with nap exceeding wake (p < 0.05 immediate; p < 0.001 delayed) only for no-feedback retrieval practice.

"The interaction between learning condition and nap status was significant [F(2,92) = 10.00, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.18]. Further simple effect analyses revealed that in the immediate test condition, only under the retrieval practice without feedback condition did the nap group significantly outperform the wake group (p < 0.05)"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Long-Term Memory — outcome: instruction changes it

Related Claims¶

• Napping reduces forgetting only for items learned by retrieval practice without feedback, not for restudied or feedback-retrieved items — related
• Wake groups show greater recall-change differences between learning conditions than nap groups, driven by no-feedback items — related