No differences were found on mental effort during instruction or on transfer across illusion-of-control and instruction-method conditions¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causalr2·q3
Currency · newest study 2008 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
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This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? Mental effort during instruction and mental effort on transfer showed no significant differences for either factor or their interaction. → Pieter Wouters 2008
Evidence¶
Pieter Wouters 2008¶
Pieter Wouters, Fred Paas, Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer. (2008). Observational learning from animated models: effects of studying–practicing alternation and illusion of control on transfer. Instructional Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-008-9079-0
q3 · i? · causal · r2
Mental effort was rated on a 9-point Paas scale after each problem and transfer task; due to technical failure instruction-effort data were logged for only 6 participants per condition. No significant effects emerged on either effort measure.
"Subsequently, mental effort during instruction was tested and no difference was found for either Illusion of control ( F(1, 84) \ 1, ns) or Instructional method ( F(2, 84) \ 1, ns), nor an interaction between Illusion of control and Instructional method was observed ( F(2, 30)\ 1, ns)."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- AI assistance reduces subjective mental effort across all tasks even when it does not reduce completion time, dissociating time and effort — related
- Segmentation Benefits Shrink With Expertise — related
- Self-reported mental effort increased less across tasks in the ChatGPT condition while perceived difficulty rose equally in both groups — related
- Task sequence effects on mental effort reverse between learning phase and transfer test — related
- People overestimate how much mental effort AI assistance alleviates (offloading illusion), driven by overestimating the effort of independent completion while AI-assisted effort is accurately estimated — related
- Prompting is a major source of AI-assisted cognitive effort: copying prompts reduces effort but not time, and verbose model responses can make AI-assisted completion slower than predicted — related
- Illusion of control impairs transfer performance: learners whose expected control matched actual control outperformed learners with an illusion of control — related
- Skin conductance level did not differ significantly between instructor-presence conditions, though arousal patterns appeared to vary with content difficulty — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
no-mental-effort-differences |
title |
No differences were found on mental effort during instruction or on transfer across illusion-of-control and instruction-method conditions |
description |
No differences were found on mental effort during instruction or on transfer across illusion-of-control and instruction-method conditions |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2008 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-18 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — pieter-wouters-2008 |
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