Structural paths are stable when continued-use intention and current use are modeled as separate outcomes, and AI anxiety is not directly related to continued use¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q3 · i0–i1
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i1 With intention and current use as separate outcomes, every structural path retains sign and significance (e.g., literacy: β = 0.17 intention, β = 0.14 current use). → Peichen Hu 2026 q3 i0 AI anxiety is essentially unrelated to continued use directly (r = −0.06, ns), so anxious students do not use ChatGPT less. → Peichen Hu 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Peichen Hu 2026¶

Peichen Hu. (2026). Psychological predictors of continued ChatGPT use among university students: the roles of AI literacy, trust, and academic self-efficacy. Front. Psychol. 17:1900190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1900190

q3 · i1 · associational · r2

Re-estimation of the full structural model with intention and current use as separate, correlated outcomes in the same 450-user sample; fit equivalent to the main model and all printed standardized paths (e.g., "β = 0.17", "β = 0.14") retained sign and significance.

"AI literacy predicted intention (β = 0.17, p = 0.002) and current use (β = 0.14, p = 0.009); trust predicted intention (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) and current use (β = 0.30, p < 0.001); and academic self-efficacy predicted intention (β = 0.24, p < 0.001) and current use (β = 0.32,p <0.001)."

Peichen Hu 2026 (2)¶

Peichen Hu. (2026). Psychological predictors of continued ChatGPT use among university students: the roles of AI literacy, trust, and academic self-efficacy. Front. Psychol. 17:1900190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1900190

q3 · i0 · associational · r2

Bivariate correlation reported in the discussion of the moderation result for the 450-user sample: "r =− 0.06, ns" between AI anxiety and continued use, a printed correlation below r = .10.

"AI anxiety was essentially unrelated to continued use directly (r =− 0.06, ns), so the moderation does not say that anxious students use ChatGPT less."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Academic Anxiety — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes

Related Claims¶

• AI literacy is directly and positively associated with continued ChatGPT use among existing users — related
• The serial indirect effect of AI literacy on continued use is weaker at higher levels of AI anxiety (moderated mediation) — related
• ChatGPT use frequency and intention to use are strongly positively correlated — related
• Neither self-efficacy nor course type statistically predicted students' decisions to continue ChatGPT feedback conversations — related
• Main structural paths remain substantively unchanged after controlling for gender, major, and AI tool use frequency — related
• Focal paths are robust to background controls, which did not directly predict AI integration intention — related