School belonging is associated with better academic achievement in almost all countries, but the strength of the correlations varies significantly across countries¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? In PISA 2018 data, the belonging–achievement association holds across almost all countries, yet its magnitude differs significantly across countries, warranting attention to when and why belonging matters more in some contexts. → Ronnel B. King 2026

Evidence¶

Ronnel B. King 2026¶

Ronnel B. King, Faming Wang. (2026). Culture and school belonging: Towards a global research agenda. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-026-10213-9

q2 · i? · associational · r2

The commentary's reanalysis of PISA 2018 correlations between school belonging and mathematics, reading, and science achievement per country (Table 3; overall sample correlations 0.10, 0.11, 0.09, all p<.01), plotted as ecological correlations in Figure 2.

"As shown in Table 3, across almost all countries, school belonging was associated with better academic achievement. However, the strength of the correlations also varied significantly across countries (Fig. 2)."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Belonging — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes

Related Claims¶

• Countries vary significantly in mean levels of school belonging, with some (e.g., Spain, Austria) high and others (e.g., Russia, Brunei Darussalam) alarmingly low — related