Countries vary significantly in mean levels of school belonging, with some (e.g., Spain, Austria) high and others (e.g., Russia, Brunei Darussalam) alarmingly low¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · theoretical r3 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? A reanalysis of PISA 2018 data shows significant country-level differences in mean school belonging, identifying risk areas where interventions may be most needed. → Ronnel B. King 2026

Evidence¶

Ronnel B. King 2026¶

Ronnel B. King, Faming Wang. (2026). Culture and school belonging: Towards a global research agenda. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-026-10213-9

q2 · i? · theoretical · r3

The authors' own reanalysis of the PISA 2018 dataset (chosen over PISA 2022 because COVID-19 disruptions made 2022 measures context-specific), ranking countries' mean belonging scores in Table 3 and Figure 1 against the OECD average of 0; Russia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Philippines fall below the global average.

"We found that countries varied significantly in terms of their levels of school belonging. While some countries have relatively high levels of belonging (e.g., Spain and Austria), others have alarmingly low levels (e.g., Russia and Brunei Darussalam)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• School belonging is associated with better academic achievement in almost all countries, but the strength of the correlations varies significantly across countries — related