Poor readers show a small but significant elevation in depression compared to typical readers (d = 0.23)¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · quant-synthesis r3 · q3 · i1 small
Currency · newest study 2019 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i1 Poor readers show a very small but statistically significant elevation in depression relative to typical readers (d = 0.23), with high and significant heterogeneity between studies. → Francis 2019

Evidence¶

Francis 2019¶

Francis, D. A.; Caruana, N.; Hudson, J. L.; McArthur, G. M. (2019). The association between poor reading and internalising problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.09.002

q3 · i1 · quant-synthesis · r3

Random-effects meta-analysis of 23 studies comparing poor reading and control groups on depression measures (n poor reading groups = 23, sample size = 1950). The pooled effect was "very small but signi ficant ( d = 0.23)" with high heterogeneity (I2 = 74.51).

"The overall e ffect was very small but signi ficant ( d = 0.23), 95% CI [0.07, 0.37], p < 0.05, and there was also evidence for high and significant heterogeneity, I2 = 74.51, Q (22) = 86.33, p < 0.001."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Children's perceptions of peers with internalising problems (depression) are under-researched relative to externalising problems — related
• Poor readers show moderately elevated anxiety compared to typical readers (d = 0.41)
• Poor readers show moderately elevated general internalising problems compared to typical readers (d = 0.41)
• Planned moderator subgroup analyses could not be conducted because fewer than 10 studies per subgroup were available — related
• Prior narrative reviews found poor readers at risk for internalising problems, with attention problems raising risk further — related