Without feedback, more practice-test participation predicts lower specificity (worse detection of incorrect answers); with corrective feedback this negative relation disappears¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2022 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? In Study 1 (no feedback), students using more practice-testing opportunities showed lower specificity in the posttest (β = –.16*). → Nick Naujoks 2022 q2 i? In Study 2 (with corrective feedback), the negative specificity effect did not occur, though participation did not positively predict specificity either (β = –.05, n.s.). → Nick Naujoks 2022 (2)

Evidence¶

Nick Naujoks 2022¶

Nick Naujoks, Bettina Harder, Marion Händel. (2022). Testing pays off twice: Potentials of practice tests and feedback regarding exam performance and judgment accuracy. Metacognition and Learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-022-09295-x

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Hierarchical regression in Study 1 (N = 201, no feedback) predicting posttest specificity; Table 3 shows step 2 ΔR² = .02, β = –.16.

"Conversely, students using more practice testing opportunities showed lower specificity. That is, with more testing students were less able to detect incorrect answers in the posttest."

Nick Naujoks 2022 (2)¶

Nick Naujoks, Bettina Harder, Marion Händel. (2022). Testing pays off twice: Potentials of practice tests and feedback regarding exam performance and judgment accuracy. Metacognition and Learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-022-09295-x

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Study 2 (n = 111, practice tests plus individual corrective feedback): the participation predictor for specificity was non-significant (β = –.05, ΔR² = .00 in Table 3); students taking more tests were not better at detecting incorrect items.

"However, the significant negative effect on specificity from Study 1 did not occur in Study 2 when providing feedback (H3)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• More frequent practice-test participation predicts higher absolute accuracy of item-specific judgments in the final exam, regardless of feedback — related
• More frequent practice-test participation predicts higher sensitivity (better detection of correct answers) in final-exam judgments, with and without feedback — related
• Practice with feedback, regardless of feedback type, improves metacognitive calibration relative to lecture, reducing overconfidence by about 13 percentage points — related