All available evidence on the PSU–achievement relationship is cross-sectional, preventing causal conclusions¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · quant-synthesis r3 · q4
Currency · newest study 2024 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q4 i? All included studies were cross-sectional, so the direction of the temporal relationship between PSU and academic achievement cannot be established from the available evidence. → Paterna 2024

Evidence¶

Paterna 2024¶

Paterna, Adrian; Alcaraz-Ibáñez, Manuel; Aguilar-Parra, Jose M.; Salavera, Carlos; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Griffiths, Mark D. (2024). Problematic smartphone use and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2024.00014

q4 · i? · quant-synthesis · r3

Limitation stated in the article's Discussion: the meta-analysis included only cross-sectional primary studies, so no causal inference about PSU as an antecedent of achievement is possible. The authors call for longitudinal designs to corroborate the theoretical plausibility of PSU as an antecedent.

"First, all available data were cross-sectional, which prevents drawing conclusions regarding causality based solely on findings from the present study."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Problematic smartphone use shows a small negative pooled correlation with academic achievement (r = −0.110) — related
• The pooled PSU–achievement estimate is consistent with the earlier Kates et al. (2018) meta-analysis while using far more effect sizes — related