Q methodology reveals three distinct instructional-designer perception factors toward ChatGPT integration: Pessimistic Evaluators, Optimistic Advocates, and Wary Thinkers¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · qualitative r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Q-factor analysis of 19 instructional designers' Q sorts yielded three distinct perception factors toward ChatGPT integration. → Fan Yang · Jill E. Stefaniak 2025 q2 i? Factor 1 (Pessimistic Evaluators) accounted for the highest explained variance at 37%, with 10 participants loading significantly. → Fan Yang · Jill E. Stefaniak 2025 q2 i? Factors 2 (Optimistic Advocates) and 3 (Wary Thinkers) each explained 12% of variance, with three and four participants loading significantly. → Fan Yang · Jill E. Stefaniak 2025

Evidence¶

Fan Yang · Jill E. Stefaniak 2025¶

Fan Yang · Jill E. Stefaniak. (2025). An exploration of instructional designers' prioritizations for integrating ChatGPT in design practice. Education Tech Research Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-025-10509-7

q2 · i? · qualitative · r2

Q-methodology study in which 19 practicing instructional designers sorted 25 statements about integrating ChatGPT into design practice; principal component analysis with varimax rotation produced a three-factor solution. The article reports that the "three-factor solution, which explained 61% of the variance in the model, was generated from the Q-factor analysis."

"A three-factor solution, which explained 61% of the variance in the model, was generated from the Q-factor analysis."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Optimistic Advocates view ChatGPT as a time-saving tool for storyboarding, content editing, and differentiating learning experiences — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Pessimistic Evaluators' foremost concern is misleading, inaccurate, or biased ChatGPT-generated information — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Wary Thinkers share over-reliance and privacy concerns with Pessimists but acknowledge ChatGPT's time-saving benefits — related
• Factor 1 student teachers were confident self-reliant GenAI users who showed limited ethical awareness and reflective practices — related
• Faculty attitudes toward AI fall into four profiles—optimistic, critical, critically reflective, and neutral—and optimistic faculty with high AI self-efficacy are more likely to adopt AI — related
• University students held positive attitudes toward GAI in DST creation but expressed moderate concern about over-reliance and low concern about reduced social interaction — related
• Scholars raise three main concerns about AI chatbots in education: reliability and accuracy, fair assessment, and ethical issues — related
• Latent profile analysis identifies three learner profiles differing in cognitive factors, self-concept, and extraneous load, with significant performance differences — related