The retrieval benefit occurs at the level of individual items, not through general practice at retrieval¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causalr2·q1
Currency · newest study 1992 · checked against its sources 2026-10-19 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q1 i? General retrieval practice cannot account for testing effects, because a benefit of retrieval practice should then also appear for pure ST items. → Carrier 1992
Evidence¶
Carrier 1992¶
Carrier, M., & Pashler, H. (1992). The influence of retrieval on retention. Memory & Cognition, 20(6), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03202713
q1 · i? · causal · r2
Authors' interpretive argument in the General Discussion, supported by post hoc analyses of Experiments 1-3 that showed no consistent differences in intralist versus extralist errors and no reliable relation of overall memory or distractor performance to the final effect pattern.
"If the latter was true, then any benefit of retrieval practice in the TTST condition should also occur for the items in the pure ST condition, given the general nature of the hypothesized retrieval practice. Therefore, the general retrieval practice notion predicts no difference between the two experimental conditions at final recall."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- The TTST advantage persists when no further presentations follow the retrieval manipulation, ruling out encoding-effort strategies (Experiment 3) — related
- The TTST advantage persists in a pure-list design, ruling out differential rehearsal (Experiment 4) — related
- Retrieval before re-presentation (TTST) improves final cued recall of nonsense-syllable/number pairs relative to pure study (Experiment 1) — related
- The TTST advantage replicates with meaningful Eskimo/English word pairs (Experiment 2) — related
- The retrieval (TTST) advantage appeared at both short (5 min) and long (24 h) retention delays, with no reliable evidence that it differed between them — related
- Retrieval practice improves long-term retention — a broader claim this one bears on
- Spaced Retrieval Improves Retention — a broader claim this one bears on
- Retrieval practice produces reliable positive effects at short delays, although some forgetting must set in so that the final test is not at ceiling — a broader claim this one bears on
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
retrieval-benefit-item-level |
title |
The retrieval benefit occurs at the level of individual items, not through general practice at retrieval |
description |
The retrieval benefit occurs at the level of individual items, not through general practice at retrieval |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
weak |
newest_evidence |
1992 |
source_checked |
2026-10-19 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-16 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — carrier-1992 |
Frontmatter is the page's machine-readable record — see the Schema & Guide.