Retrieval before re-presentation (TTST) improves final cued recall of nonsense-syllable/number pairs relative to pure study (Experiment 1)¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 1992 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? More TTST pairs than pure ST pairs were correctly completed in the Day 1 and Day 2 cued-recall tests. → Carrier 1992

Evidence¶

Carrier 1992¶

Carrier, M., & Pashler, H. (1992). The influence of retrieval on retention. Memory & Cognition, 20(6), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03202713

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Laboratory experiment with 61 subjects (data from 56 analyzed) learning 40 CVC trigram/number pairs, half in pure ST and half in TTST trials. An ANOVA found "More pairs from the TTST condition than the pure ST condition were correctly completed"; means were 5.8 vs 6.4 on Day 1 and 3.7 vs 4.1 on Day 2.

"More pairs from the TTST condition than the pure ST condition were correctly completed [F(l,52) = 7.48, MSe = 1.68, P < .01], and more pairs were correctly completed on Day 1 than on Day 2 of testing"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• The retrieval benefit occurs at the level of individual items, not through general practice at retrieval — related
• The TTST advantage persists in a pure-list design, ruling out differential rehearsal (Experiment 4) — related
• The TTST advantage persists when no further presentations follow the retrieval manipulation, ruling out encoding-effort strategies (Experiment 3) — related
• The TTST advantage replicates with meaningful Eskimo/English word pairs (Experiment 2) — related
• The retrieval (TTST) advantage appeared at both short (5 min) and long (24 h) retention delays, with no reliable evidence that it differed between them — related
• Multiple-choice testing improves later cued recall of prose facts, a benefit that persists though reduced after a one-week delay — related
• Total retrieval spacing improved one-week vocabulary recall while relative schedules were not distinguished — related
• Pretesting benefits for paired associates depend on semantic association between pair members, with cued-recall benefits absent for unrelated pairs — related