Secondary school students are suspended at more than three times the rate of elementary school students, and recent declines were concentrated in secondary schools¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr2·q2
Currency · newest study 2022 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2027: baselines and conditions change
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? In 2017–18, 7% of secondary school students were suspended versus 2% of elementary students, and decreases at the elementary level were smaller and less consistent. → Leung-Gagné 2022
Evidence¶
Leung-Gagné 2022¶
Leung-Gagné, M., McCombs, J., Scott, C., & Losen, D. J. (2022). Pushed out: Trends and disparities in out-of-school suspension. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/235.277
q2 · i? · associational · r2
CRDC trend analysis by school level (Figure 2). The report finds "more than three times the rate of elementary school students (2%)" and that the drop from the early 2010s was concentrated in secondary schools.
"In 2017–18, nearly 1 in 14 secondary school students (7%) were suspended, more than three times the rate of elementary school students (2%)."
Discussion¶
Learner Variables¶
- Age and Developmental Stage — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes
Related Claims¶
- Intersecting identities compound suspension risk: 0.1% of Asian girls without special education services in elementary schools were suspended versus 27% of Black boys with disabilities in secondary schools — related
- Out-of-school suspension decreased in 48 states and Washington, DC between 2011–12 and 2017–18, but in five states the decline came with an even larger increase in in-school suspensions — related
- Secondary school suspension rates varied greatly across states in 2017–18, from 15% in Mississippi, South Carolina, and Washington, DC to 3% in Utah — related
- Secondary suspension risk declined and the racial gap narrowed slightly since 2009-10, while elementary rates did not decline and some districts saw large increases — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
secondary-suspension-three-times-elementary |
title |
Secondary school students are suspended at more than three times the rate of elementary school students, and recent declines were concentrated in secondary schools |
description |
Secondary school students are suspended at more than three times the rate of elementary school students, and recent declines were concentrated in secondary schools |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2022 |
recheck_by |
2027 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-10 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — leung-gagné-2022 |
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