Intersecting identities compound suspension risk: 0.1% of Asian girls without special education services in elementary schools were suspended versus 27% of Black boys with disabilities in secondary schools¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2022 · checked against its sources 2026-10-16 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2027: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q2 i? School level, gender, race, and disability status together substantially impact suspension risk, ranging from 0.1% to 27% in 2017–18. → Leung-Gagné 2022

Evidence¶

Leung-Gagné 2022¶

Leung-Gagné, M., McCombs, J., Scott, C., & Losen, D. J. (2022). Pushed out: Trends and disparities in out-of-school suspension. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/235.277

q2 · i? · associational · r2

CRDC analysis of intersecting identities and suspension risk. The report contrasts the 0.1% rate for "Asian girls not receiving special education services in elementary schools" with 27% for Black boys with disabilities in secondary schools.

"in 2017–18, 1 in 1,000 Asian girls not receiving special education services in elementary schools were suspended (0.1%). However, during that same school year, more than 1 in 4 Black boys with disabilities (27%) in secondary schools were suspended."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Age and Developmental Stage — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes
• Gender — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause
• Identity — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes

Related Claims¶

• Black students are suspended at the highest rate of any racial group, at 12% in 2017–18, with persistent disparities across all years analyzed — related
• Students with disabilities are suspended at more than twice the rate of students without disabilities, and Black students with disabilities face the highest risk at 19% — a broader claim this one bears on
• Students with low prior test scores and students with disabilities were suspended at substantially higher rates than their peers in CPS — related
• African American boys received out-of-school suspensions at five times the rate of white/Asian boys in CPS high schools in 2013-14 — related
• Black and poor students are suspended from US schools at higher rates than White and nonpoor students — a broader claim this one bears on
• Secondary school students are suspended at more than three times the rate of elementary school students, and recent declines were concentrated in secondary schools — related
• Students in alternative schools experience extraordinarily high lost-instruction rates, with Black boys losing 235 days per 100 enrolled — related
• Race-by-gender disparities are more pronounced: Black boys lost 132 days per 100 enrolled and Black girls lost 77, seven times the rate of White girls — related
• Secondary students lose instruction due to out-of-school suspensions at more than five times the rate of elementary students (37 vs. 7 days per 100 enrolled) — related