The session-type-by-time interaction showed anxiety increasing in game sessions while decreasing in lectures, and confusion declining more steeply in game sessions.¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Interaction effects revealed diverging trajectories by session type for anxiety (increasing in games, decreasing in lectures) and a steeper confusion decrease in game sessions than lectures; no other significant interactions were found. → Ketonen 2026

Evidence¶

Ketonen 2026¶

Ketonen, E. E., Kruskopf, M., Lonka, K., & Mattlin, M. (2026). Dynamics of university students' epistemic emotions during game-based learning in an international relations course. Instructional Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-025-09771-2

q2 · i? · associational · r1

Model 4 RDSEM interaction terms: anxiety session-type × time = 0.14 [0.04, 0.24]; confusion = −0.13 [−0.23, −0.01]. Standardised coefficients from Bayesian estimation on within-person residuals.

"whereas anxiety decreased in the lectures, it actually increased in the game sessions across the course. In addition, confusion showed a clearly steeper decreasing trend in the game sessions compared to the lectures"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Achievement Emotions — outcome: instruction changes it

Related Claims¶

• Attending a game session rather than a lecture increased all epistemic emotions except boredom among university students in a Diplomacy-based international relations course. — related
• During the course, curiosity, enjoyment, confusion and anxiety decreased over time, boredom increased, and surprise and frustration remained stationary. — related
• Students whose anxiety, surprise or enjoyment decreased over the course achieved more positive learning-outcome change than students with stable trajectories in those emotions. — related
• Epistemic emotions showed no significant carry-over (autoregressive) stability from one course session to the next, except boredom after session type was included. — related