The six-path specification was structurally incomplete: exploratory direct paths from PNT to ACS, SRL, and CT improved fit beyond the hypothesised model¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 2 studies · 2 associational r2 · q2 · i3 large
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i3 Adding a direct PNT → ACS path substantially improved fit (Δχ2(1) = 52.87, p < 0.001), and PNT showed an independent association with ACS (β = 0.304) while the LOU → ACS coefficient fell from 0.504 to 0.311. → Yang Z 2026 q2 i3 Direct PNT → SRL and PNT → CT paths were small (β = 0.092 and β = 0.103) but produced a further significant fit improvement. → Yang Z 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Yang Z 2026¶

Yang Z, Yang Y and Liu W (2026) Self-reported learning-oriented GenAI use under perceived teacher-referenced normative tension in Chinese higher education. Front. Psychol. 17:1969743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1969743

q2 · i3 · associational · r2

Post-hoc exploratory structural extension on the student sample. In this model 'PNT remained positively associated with LOU, β = 0.544', and both LOU and PNT were positively associated with ACS (β = 0.311 and β = 0.304).

"Adding a direct path from PNT to ACS substantially improved model fit, Δχ2(1) = 52.87, p < 0.001, and reduced SRMR from 0.055 to 0.045."

Yang Z 2026 (2)¶

Yang Z, Yang Y and Liu W (2026) Self-reported learning-oriented GenAI use under perceived teacher-referenced normative tension in Chinese higher education. Front. Psychol. 17:1969743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1969743

q2 · i3 · associational · r2

Second exploratory extension adding direct paths from PNT to SRL and CT (Δχ2(2) = 9.05, p = 0.011; SRMR decreased to 0.044). PNT remained positively associated with LOU (β = 0.535) and with ACS (β = 0.297).

"In the fully expanded model, the PNT → SRL and PNT → CT associations were small, β = 0.092, p = 0.030, and β = 0.103, p = 0.018, respectively."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• The five-factor measurement representation (PNT, LOU, ACS, SRL, CT) showed unusually close fit, replicated in a held-out subsample, and the constructs did not collapse into one general tendency — related
• Perceived teacher-referenced GenAI normative tension is positively associated with self-reported learning-oriented GenAI use among Chinese university students — related
• Temporal direction between PNT and LOU could not be identified: the reversed specification was observationally equivalent — related
• The PNT–LOU association remains positive after adjustment for guidance clarity, demographic covariates, institution exclusion, and ordinal estimation — related
• Main structural paths remain substantively unchanged after controlling for gender, major, and AI tool use frequency — related