Spelling accuracy for irregular words, regular words and pseudowords improves significantly with year group (spelling experience)¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr2·q3
Currency · newest study 2022 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? Experience with spelling significantly predicted irregular, regular and pseudoword spelling scores across year groups. → Niolaki 2022
Evidence¶
Niolaki 2022¶
Niolaki, G., Vousden, J., Terzopoulos, A., Shepherd, D.-L., Debney, L., & Masterson, J. (2022). Spelling predictors; investigating the role of phonological ability and rapid naming in a large cross-sectional British study. Learning and Instruction. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101635
q3 · i? · associational · r2
Cross-sectional study of 641 children in Yr R to Yr 6 using mixed-effects models with nested school/classroom structure; year group significantly predicted spelling for all three word types, with printed F statistics and r2 values of 0.98, .96 and 0.92.
"Experience with spelling significantly predicted irregular, regular and pseudoword spelling scores, (F (1, 23.54) = 592.27, F (1, 21.77) = 260.65 and F (1, 21.01) = 123.42, respectively)"
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Irregular word and pseudoword spelling dissociate after controlling for year group, consistent with distinct lexical and sublexical processes — related
- Phonological awareness predicts irregular word spelling from Yr 2 onward but does not predict regular word or pseudoword spelling at any year group — related
- RAN predicts irregular word spelling in Yrs 5–6, regular word spelling in Yrs 2 and 6, and pseudoword spelling in Yr 2, varying with spelling experience — related
- Reading is the strongest predictor of spelling across all word types, while sublexical knowledge predicts pseudoword spelling only and is negatively associated with irregular word spelling — related
- Children spell regular words more accurately than pseudowords and irregular words, and irregular word accuracy falls below pseudoword accuracy until Yr 5 — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
spelling-improves-with-year-group-all-word-types |
title |
Spelling accuracy for irregular words, regular words and pseudowords improves significantly with year group (spelling experience) |
description |
Spelling accuracy for irregular words, regular words and pseudowords improves significantly with year group (spelling experience) |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2022 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-22 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — niolaki-2022 |
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