The TC effect grows with prime time: it is significantly larger at 300 ms than at 60 ms and 150 ms, and does not decrease with longer prime time¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? The prime time × prime type interaction was significant, with the TC effect significantly larger in the 300 ms condition than in the 60 ms and 150 ms conditions. → Geng Yaoyao 2026 q3 i? Contrary to Hypothesis 2c, the TC effect did not disappear or shrink at longer prime times. → Geng Yaoyao 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Geng Yaoyao 2026¶

Geng Yaoyao, Morita Aiko. (2026). A Comparison of Transposed-Character Effect Between Chinese and Japanese Speakers: Processing Position Information of Hanzi and Kanji Characters. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-026-10279-0

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Planned contrasts from the Experiment 2 LME analysis, where the prime time × prime type interaction was significant (χ2(4) = 332.693, p < 0.001). The quoted contrasts show the TC effect increasing with prime time; the 60 ms and 150 ms conditions did not differ significantly (p = .662).

"However, the TC effect was significantly larger in the 300 ms condition than in both the 60 ms condition (β = − 0.052, SE = 0.013, t = − 4.069, p(tukey)< 0.001) and the 150 ms condition (β = − 0.041, SE = 0.013, t = − 3.210, p(tukey) = .004)."

Geng Yaoyao 2026 (2)¶

Geng Yaoyao, Morita Aiko. (2026). A Comparison of Transposed-Character Effect Between Chinese and Japanese Speakers: Processing Position Information of Hanzi and Kanji Characters. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-026-10279-0

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Supplementary analysis of TC effect sizes across prime times in Experiment 2. The authors report the effect "did not decrease" with longer prime time, contradicting their prediction based on Peng et al. (1999) and Xu and Sui (2018); Hypothesis 2c was not supported.

"In addition, supplementary analyses of the TC effect size revealed that the effect size in the 60 ms condition was smaller than in the 150 ms and 300 ms conditions, but there was no difference between the 150 ms and 300 ms conditions. In other words, the effect size did not decrease."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Word frequency does not modulate the transposed-character effect in either experiment — related
• In a masked-priming lexical decision task, both Chinese and Japanese speakers show a TC effect, with TC primes producing faster responses than control nonword primes — related
• A supplementary analysis restricted to TC and control nonword primes shows the TC effect is marginally larger for Chinese than Japanese speakers — related
• In a single-word lexical decision task, Chinese speakers show a transposed-character effect in reaction times and error rates while Japanese speakers do not — related
• The text generation effect shrinks with longer texts and is small and nonsignificant for texts over 900 words — related