Most variation in digit span performance is within-person rather than between-person¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r3 · q3
Currency · newest study 2022 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? ICC estimates attribute roughly a quarter of digit span variation to between-person differences and the rest to within-person variation. → Ahmed 2022

Evidence¶

Ahmed 2022¶

Ahmed, S. F., Ellis, A., Ward, K. P., Chaku, N., & Davis-Kean, P. E. (2022). Working memory development from early childhood to adolescence using two nationally representative samples. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001396

q3 · i? · associational · r3

From the PSID-CDS mixed-effects models: "27% of the variation in Forward Digit Span could be attributed to differences between persons"; backward span showed a similar 26%/74% split.

"The ICC suggested that 27% of the variation in Forward Digit Span could be attributed to differences between persons, with 73% being attributed to differences within persons."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Classroom-level ICCs for elementary test score gains range from 0.02 to 0.15 and school-level ICCs from 0.05 to 0.20, so classroom effects explain about 15 percent of gain-score variance — related
• Most variance in students' epistemic emotions was situational (within-person) fluctuation, with 18–37% due to between-person variability. — related