Distributed cognition: cognition as a function of a system of people and tools¶

Theory · All theories
Evidence · 3 claims (3 for) · 1 study (1 theoretical), q2 · 0 of 1 report an effect size · 3 claims rest on one study

Description¶

The paper describes distributed cognition as extending the unit of analysis beyond the individual to the context in which the individual operates, so that "cognition is seen as less a function of the individual as much as a function of an overall system that includes groups of individuals and their tools" (Hutchins, 1995). Cognition may be distributed socially across groups or across artifacts and tools, or both, and situational factors such as social processes can be treated as integral to the cognitive process. The paper notes criticisms that the account risks equating people and artifacts, and that proponents like Salomon and Pea introduced distinctions to avoid that equivalence.

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

• Analysis must treat social processes and tools as potentially integral to cognition rather than mere background

Constraints¶

• The paper notes the framework has been criticized for emphasizing system goals at the expense of individual goals, or assuming a conceptually equivalent relationship between people and artifacts

Target Learners¶

• individuals and groups working with tools in knowledge-using environments

Target Learning Objectives¶

• understanding cognition as distributed across people, artifacts, and contexts

Claims¶

• Salomon distinguishes effects with the computer (system performance) from effects of the computer (cognitive residue on the solo performer) [+M]
• A tool's effectiveness results from the whole configuration of events, activities, and contexts in which it is used [+M]
• Individual user goals, such as avoiding cognitive load, can contradict the objectives of the educational community [+M]

Related Theories¶

• Activity Theory Mediated Activity System
• Vygotsky's account of mediated activity: three classes of mediators and the Zone of Proximal Development

Examples¶

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Key Sources¶

• Gilbert, L. S. (1999). Where Is My Brain? Distributed Cognition, Activity Theory, and Cognitive Tools. Proceedings of the AECT National Convention. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED436153