SAMR model of technology integration (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, Redefinition)¶

Theory · All theories
Evidence · no claims cited

Description¶

The SAMR model (Puentedura, 2006) describes four levels of classroom technology integration: substitution, augmentation, modification and redefinition. Substitution and augmentation are considered to enhance pedagogy, while modification and redefinition transform it by enabling new tasks. The review uses SAMR to categorise implementation activities in its moderator analysis and notes it is "increasingly being used to influence good practice in classroom settings".

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

• Implementation aspiring towards redefinition of pedagogy rather than simple substitution, as Puentedura proposed for true transformation of learning

Constraints¶

• The model focuses on the technology itself and ignores wider modifiers such as teacher and pupil knowledge and attitudes; limited theoretical background or peer-reviewed supporting evidence is provided by Puentedura; Geer et al. found the four stages difficult to distinguish

Target Learners¶

• primary/elementary school pupils aged 4-12

Target Learning Objectives¶

• effective integration of mobile technology to support literacy and numeracy learning

Claims¶

Related Theories¶

• Theory of change for mobile technology use in the primary classroom: devices, activities and interventions, outcomes, and moderating factors
• Technology Integration Levels (SAMR / RAT / PIC-RAT)

Examples¶

• Teachers and intervention designers should use mobile devices thoughtfully alongside other teaching approaches, ground designs in existing evidence, and evaluate rigorously
• Technology should augment, not supplant, learning processes in student-centered environments

Key Sources¶

• Dorris, C., Winter, K., O'Hare, L., & Lwoga, E. T. (2024). A systematic review of mobile device use in the primary school classroom and impact on pupil literacy and numeracy attainment: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 20, e1417. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1417