Adult struggling readers score far below adult norms on the Boston Naming Test, with expressive vocabulary resembling children's scores¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr2·q3
Currency · newest study 2012 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · overdue for a recheck since 2017: baselines and conditions change
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? Adult struggling readers reading at third- to fifth-grade levels scored much lower on the BNT than other non-college educated adult samples, resembling children's scores. → Hall 2012
Evidence¶
Hall 2012¶
Hall, R., Greenberg, D., Laures-Gore, J., & Pae, H. K. (2012). The Relationship Between Expressive Vocabulary Knowledge and Reading Skills for Adult Struggling Readers. Journal of Research in Reading. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2012.01537.x
q3 · i? · associational · r2
Cross-sectional assessment of 232 adult literacy students reading at third- to fifth-grade levels on the Boston Naming Test. The mean total correct score of 36 (SD = 7.29) was "much lower than scores reported with other non-college educated adult samples" (normative means of 54.5 and 51.91 cited in discussion).
"Our participants' mean correct score for the entire task (spontaneous correct responses plus correct responses after stimulus cues) of 36 (SD = 7.29, Range = 14–53) is much lower than scores reported with other non-college educated adult samples"
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- BNT scores differ by word-reading level, with fifth-grade-level readers outperforming third-grade-level readers — related
- Stimulus and phonemic cues did not notably help adult struggling readers name objects on the BNT — related
- Participants entered the study with very poor skills, at least 1 SD below the mean on every measure and 2 SD below on receptive vocabulary, phonological awareness, and fluency — related
- Expressive vocabulary adds small but significant variance to exception word reading, but not to general or nonword reading, in adult struggling readers — related
- Expressive vocabulary uniquely explains variance in reading comprehension of adult struggling readers — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
adult-struggling-readers-low-expressive-vocabulary-bnt |
title |
Adult struggling readers score far below adult norms on the Boston Naming Test, with expressive vocabulary resembling children's scores |
description |
Adult struggling readers score far below adult norms on the Boston Naming Test, with expressive vocabulary resembling children's scores |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2012 |
recheck_by |
2017 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-17 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — hall-2012 |
Frontmatter is the page's machine-readable record — see the Schema & Guide.