Aging does not materially reduce the relative accuracy (resolution) of judgments of learning during encoding, with cross-sectional evidence of no age declines and even age-related increases in aggregate JOL resolution across ages 18 to 81¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · reviewr2·q2
Currency · newest study 2011 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? Younger and older adults show above-chance and equivalent JOL resolution for paired-associate items, and delayed JOLs have equivalently high resolution for both age groups. → Hertzog C 2011
q2 i? In a large cross-sectional sample aged 18 to 81, no age declines in JOL resolution arose across the adult life span, and significant age-related increases occurred in aggregate gamma correlations. → Hertzog C 2011 (2)
Evidence¶
Hertzog C 2011¶
Hertzog C, Dunlosky J. (2011). Metacognition in Later Adulthood: Spared Monitoring Can Benefit Older Adults' Self-regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903298/
q2 · i? · review · r2
Narrative review of experimental studies comparing older adults to college students using extreme age-group designs, reporting that "Younger and older adults have above-chance and equivalent resolution of immediate JOLs for paired-associate items"; delayed JOLs likewise show equivalently high resolution for both ages.
"Younger and older adults have above-chance and equivalent resolution of immediate JOLs for paired-associate items"
Hertzog C 2011 (2)¶
Hertzog C, Dunlosky J. (2011). Metacognition in Later Adulthood: Spared Monitoring Can Benefit Older Adults' Self-regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903298/
q2 · i? · review · r2
The review summarises the authors' separate cross-sectional study (Hertzog, Sinclair, & Dunlosky, 2010, Developmental Psychology) of adults ages 18 to 81 who studied related and unrelated word pairs, made immediate JOLs, and completed paired-associate recall; regression of gamma correlations on age showed "No age declines in resolution arose across the adult life-span" and significant age-related increases in aggregate resolution.
"No age declines in resolution arose across the adult life-span. In fact, significant age-related increases occurred in the aggregate gamma correlations, as reflected in the positive slope of the black line."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Age did not interact with associative relatedness or effective encoding-strategy use in predicting JOLs, indicating no age differences in the use of these two sources of information when making judgments of learning — related
- Older adults show lower JOL resolution only when recollection-based responses are contrasted with pooled familiarity and new responses, an outcome attributed to age-related decreases in strong recollective experiences at test — related
- Older adults show no reliable deficit in assessing item difficulty (EOL accuracy) — related
- Training metacognitive self-regulation (self-testing plus selective restudy) produced greater paired-associate learning improvements in older adults than traditional encoding-strategy training when study was self-paced — related
- Reflective judgment scores increased consistently with age and educational level — related
- Judgments of learning add no new self-assessment information beyond performance estimates for single tasks — related
- Judgments of learning are higher for easy than difficult items at all ages and increase with age, confirming the difficulty manipulation aligned with subjective difficulty — related
- JOL magnitudes decline across successive lists in both JOL groups, reflecting learners' belief that recall decreases with continued new learning — related
- FOK resolution for general-knowledge information is similar for younger and older adults, whereas the literature argues for a deficit in FOK resolution for episodic memory tasks in older adults — related
- JOL resolution (relative accuracy) did not differ between younger and older adults — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
- Metacognitive awareness of VSTM performance becomes less accurate with age but remains well above chance across the adult life span — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
aging-spares-jol-resolution-encoding |
title |
Aging does not materially reduce the relative accuracy (resolution) of judgments of learning during encoding, with cross-sectional evidence of no age declines and even age-related increases in aggregate JOL resolution across ages 18 to 81 |
description |
Aging does not materially reduce the relative accuracy (resolution) of judgments of learning during encoding, with cross-sectional evidence of no age declines and even age-related increases in aggregate JOL resolution... |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2011 |
source_checked |
2026-10-20 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-17 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
2 — hertzog-c-2011, hertzog-c-2011-2 |
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