In Experiment 2, absolute metacognitive bias decreased linearly across the four additive intervention groups, and the full intervention group was significantly less biased than control¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r3 · q3 · i1 small
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

Reading the evidence codes

q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.

This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.

q3 i1 A one-way ANOVA with linear contrast showed a significant progressive decrease in absolute metacognitive bias across the four groups, and Group 4 differed significantly from Group 1. → Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert 2026

Evidence¶

Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert 2026¶

Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert (2026). Metacognitive training facilitates optimal cognitive offloading. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-026-00714-0

q3 · i1 · causal · r3

Pre-registered four-group Experiment 2 (N = 416) with additive intervention components. The ANOVA on absolute metacognitive bias showed a significant group effect and significant linear contrast, and "the planned comparison between Group 1 and Group 4 was also significant" (d = 0.37), replicating the unsigned-bias finding from Experiment 1.

"the planned comparison between Group 1 and Group 4 was also significant (t(194.49) = 2.66, p = .004, d = 0.37)."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

Self-Regulation — outcome: instruction changes it

Self Assessment Accuracy Is Low Without Training — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
In Experiment 2, making metacognitive predictions alone did not improve calibration, performance feedback was sufficient, and explicit metacognitive feedback added no significant benefit — related
In Experiment 2, signed metacognitive bias scores showed no significant group effect or linear trend, failing to replicate the Experiment 1 signed-bias finding — related
Overconfidence (bias) decreased from pretest to posttest across all groups including control, with no group differences — related

Page metadata

Field	Value
`type`	`claim`
`id`	`exp2-linear-reduction-absolute-metacognitive-bias`
`title`	`In Experiment 2, absolute metacognitive bias decreased linearly across the four additive intervention groups, and the full intervention group was significantly less biased than control`
`description`	`In Experiment 2, absolute metacognitive bias decreased linearly across the four additive intervention groups, and the full intervention group was significantly less biased than control`
`status`	`review`
`evidence_strength`	`moderate`
`newest_evidence`	`2026`
`generated`	by `process:wiki-ingest` on `2026-10-11`
`trust`	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
`sources`	1 — `ceri-ngai-and-sam-j-gilbert-2026`

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