The female class section scored significantly higher than the male section on all four writing aspects of the post-test after WhatsApp-based instruction, though not on the total score; sex and class section coincide, so the difference cannot be attributed to gender¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 2018 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? On the post-test, female participants scored significantly higher than male participants on content and ideas, organization and mechanics, vocabulary, and language use (each aspect significant at α=0.05). → Bataineh et al. 2018 q2 i? The gender difference on the total post-test score was not statistically significant at α=0.05 (Sig. 0.08), despite the text describing a difference on the test as a whole. → Bataineh et al. 2018 (2)

Evidence¶

Bataineh et al. 2018¶

Ruba Fahmi Bataineh, Raghda Fayez Al-Hamad and Dina Abdulhameed Al-Jamal. (2018). GENDER AND EFL WRITING: DOES WHATSAPP MAKE A DIFFERENCE? Teaching English with Technology, 18(2), 21-33. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1177754

q2 · i? · causal · r1

Independent-samples t-tests of post-test scores by gender in the quasi-experimental study. Printed aspect-level results: content and ideas t=-2.24, Sig. 0.03; organization and mechanics t=-2.50, Sig. 0.01; vocabulary t=-3.13, Sig. 0.00; language use t=-2.46, Sig. 0.02. No effect sizes are printed. Each sex was one intact class section taught separately, so sex and section coincide and the difference cannot be attributed to gender; there was no control group.

"Table 2 shows a statistically significant difference in the male and female participants’ writing, as female participants scored higher than their male counterparts across the four aspects of the test and on the test as a whole."

Bataineh et al. 2018 (2)¶

Ruba Fahmi Bataineh, Raghda Fayez Al-Hamad and Dina Abdulhameed Al-Jamal. (2018). GENDER AND EFL WRITING: DOES WHATSAPP MAKE A DIFFERENCE? Teaching English with Technology, 18(2), 21-33. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1177754

q2 · i? · causal · r1

Table 2's total-score row prints means of 39.54 (male) and 45.82 (female), t=-2.75, Sig. 0.08, which is above the stated α=0.05 threshold, though the running text describes a difference "on the test as a whole."

"Experimental 1 (Male) 39.54 13.09 Total Experimental 2 (Female) 45.82 9.49 -2.75 0.08"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Male and female experimental groups were equivalent on all writing aspects before the WhatsApp treatment — related
• Female participants exposed to goal-setting training scored significantly higher in English language post-test than male participants — related
• In the task-based ESP class, male learners significantly outperformed female learners on the technical vocabulary post-test — related