First-grade children show the typical spacing effect in free recall with the same picture procedures¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causalr2·q3
Currency · newest study 1984 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? First-graders recalled spaced repetitions better than massed repetitions in free recall. → Thomas C. Toppino and William DiGeorge 1984
Evidence¶
Thomas C. Toppino and William DiGeorge 1984¶
Thomas C. Toppino and William DiGeorge. (1984). The spacing effect in free recall emerges with development. Memory & Cognition, 12(2), 118-122. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+spacing+effect+in+free+recall+emerges+with+development+Memory+%26+Cognition+1984
q3 · i? · causal · r2
In Experiment 2's planned comparisons on 18 first-grade children (mean age 6-8), the same procedures used with preschoolers produced a spacing effect: children "recalled spaced repetitions better than they did massed repetitions" (F = 7.56, p < .01); means were 54.2% spaced vs 37.5% massed.
"they also recalled spaced repetitions better than they did massed repetitions [F(1,34) =7.56, p < .01]"
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Grade level and repetition spacing interact significantly in children's free recall — related
- Preschool children do not exhibit a spacing effect in free recall, although they benefit from repetition — related
- A rehearsal-based deficient-processing account cannot explain the developmental emergence of the spacing effect — related
- Distributed presentations are recalled better than massed presentations in free recall (the spacing effect), and requiring likelihood ratings does not alter this effect — a broader claim this one bears on
- Preschool children benefit from repetition in free recall, recalling repeated pictures better than once-presented ones — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
first-graders-spacing-effect-free-recall |
title |
First-grade children show the typical spacing effect in free recall with the same picture procedures |
description |
First-grade children show the typical spacing effect in free recall with the same picture procedures |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
1984 |
source_checked |
2026-10-20 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-16 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — thomas-c-toppino-and-william-digeorge-1984 |
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