Latent profile analysis of four learning-related achievement emotions yields a five-class solution: four academic-control gradient profiles plus a distinct high-boredom profile¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r3 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? LPA on Anxiety, Boredom, Hopelessness, and Enjoyment identified five profiles, four differing quantitatively along academic control and one (HghLBO, 4.4% of the sample) with disproportionately high boredom, overrepresented by male students. → Dirk Tempelaar · Alexandra Niculescu 2026

Evidence¶

Dirk Tempelaar · Alexandra Niculescu 2026¶

Dirk Tempelaar · Alexandra Niculescu. (2026). Testing the Relative Universalism of Psychological Theories: A Person-Centered Analysis of Control-Value Theory. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-026-10155-2

q2 · i? · associational · r3

Latent profile analysis (two-to-ten class models, five-class solution retained on statistical and substantive criteria) of four activity emotions in 14,356 classified students. The article reports the high-boredom profile at "a small proportion of the sample (4.4%)" and a gender gradient across ASC profiles.

"The high-boredom profile represents a small proportion of the sample (4.4%) and is notably overrepresented by male students. Across the four ASC profiles, a clear trend emerges: as academic control decreases, the proportion of female students increases"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• In the HghLBO profile, boredom and enjoyment lose nearly all predictive power for persistence, though they predict persistence in full-sample and multigroup analyses — related
• CVT's control–anxiety relation breaks down across latent emotional profiles, with unstandardized coefficients ranging from −0.292 to +0.024 including non-significant positive effects — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• The high-boredom (HghLBO) profile deviates from the linear control–emotion trend, showing elevated boredom and reduced enjoyment relative to its academic-control level — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Adult L2 learners' momentary emotions cluster into five profiles, dominated by a low-arousal 'Routine but Pleasant' state (57.8% of episodes), challenging anxiety-centred paradigms — related
• Academic emotions cluster into four groups by antecedents, with anxiety and hopelessness highly correlated (r > .70) yet kept as separate scales — related
• Including control and value variables substantially reduced the effects of student- and class-level achievement on enjoyment, consistent with control-value theory — related