Flipped classrooms are associated with higher theoretical knowledge scores than lecture-based teaching in medical education (pooled SMD = 1.26), with very high heterogeneity¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · quant-synthesis r2 · q2–q3 · i3 large
Currency · newest study 2026 · checked against its sources 2026-10-31 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i3 Pooled across 15 studies, the flipped classroom significantly improved theoretical knowledge scores (SMD = 1.26, 95% CI 0.80–1.71), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 93.1%). → Wu Yaqiu 2026

Evidence¶

Wu Yaqiu 2026¶

Wu Yaqiu, Cheng Meixiong. (2026). Effectiveness of the flipped classroom in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-09526-8

q3 · i3 · quant-synthesis · r2

Meta-analysis of 15 studies (1,111 intervention, 1,139 control participants) pooling standardized mean differences. The review reports "a significant advantage in improving theoretical knowledge among medical learners" with SMD = 1.26 (95% CI 0.80–1.71) and I² = 93.1% (p < 0.0001).

"the flipped classroom teaching model had a significant advantage in improving theoretical knowledge among medical learners (SMD = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.80–1.71), with the difference being statistically significant. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies (I² = 93.1%, p < 0.0001)"

Wu Yaqiu 2026 (2)¶

Wu Yaqiu, Cheng Meixiong. (2026). Effectiveness of the flipped classroom in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-09526-8

q2 · i? · quant-synthesis · r2

Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for theoretical knowledge: pooled effects stayed significant (SMD range 1.12–1.33) after removing any single study; funnel plots suggested approximate symmetry but with limited power.

"the pooled effect remained statistically significant after exclusion of any single study (SMD range, 1.12–1.33), indicating that the estimate was not driven by an individual study"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

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