The evidence base for Fluency Formula™ consists of a single small randomized controlled trial, with no studies addressing alphabetics or general reading achievement¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · reviewr?·q2
Currency · newest study 2007 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? Only one study met WWC evidence standards, based on 128 second-grade students, and the extent of evidence is rated small for fluency and comprehension. → Fluency Formula™ WWC Intervention Report 2007
Evidence¶
Fluency Formula™ WWC Intervention Report 2007¶
Fluency Formula™ WWC Intervention Report. (2007). What Works Clearinghouse, U.S. Department of Education. http://teacher.scholastic.com/products/fluencyformula/pdfs/FF_EffectivessReport.pdf
q2 · i? · review · r?
WWC synthesis of the evidence base: one randomized controlled trial (Sivin-Kachala & Bialo, 2005) in five schools across two districts, final analyses based on 66 intervention and 62 comparison students; extent of evidence rated small in both reviewed domains (Appendix A6).
"The WWC considers the extent of evidence for Fluency Formula™ to be small for fluency and comprehension. No studies that met WWC evidence standards with or without reservations addressed alphabetics or general reading achievement."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- The evidence base for Corrective Reading in grades K–3 is small: one of 25 reviewed studies met WWC standards, and no studies addressed general reading achievement — related
- Fluency Formula™ shows a positive but statistically non-significant effect on second-grade oral reading fluency (effect size 0.26, improvement index +10) — related
- Fluency effects of Fluency Formula™ differ by initial ability: positive for low-ability students (effect size 0.66) and negative for high-ability students (effect size –0.21), both non-significant — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
- Fluency Formula™ shows a negative but statistically non-significant effect on second-grade reading comprehension (effect size –0.28, improvement index –11) — related
- The extent of evidence for Reading Plus® on adolescent learners is small, resting on a single study that met WWC standards with reservations — related
- The evidence base for Read, Write & Type!™ is a single small-extent randomized trial, limiting confidence in the effectiveness ratings — related
- The evidence base for SMART® is a single small-extent RCT, capping the intervention rating at potentially positive effects — related
- No studies meeting WWC standards addressed SSL effects on fluency, comprehension, or general reading achievement, and the extent of alphabetics evidence is small — related
- The WWC rated DreamBox Learning as having potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement with a small extent of evidence — related
- The evidence base for Read Well® with English language learners is small, resting on one randomized controlled trial of 34 students in one school — related
- The evidence base for Headsprout Early Reading is limited to one small RCT, supporting only a potentially positive rating — related
- The evidence base for the program is a single RCT of 3,074 randomly assigned youth, with 1,196 in the follow-up analysis sample, and the WWC rates the extent of evidence as small — related
- Fluency interventions for older students show very small effects on rate and accuracy and virtually no effect on standardized comprehension — related
- Oral word-reading fluency instruction shows a high effect size of 0.66, but evidence rests on a single study — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
fluency-formula-evidence-base-single-small-rct |
title |
The evidence base for Fluency Formula™ consists of a single small randomized controlled trial, with no studies addressing alphabetics or general reading achievement |
description |
The evidence base for Fluency Formula™ consists of a single small randomized controlled trial, with no studies addressing alphabetics or general reading achievement |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
weak |
newest_evidence |
2007 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-07 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — fluency-formula-wwc-intervention-report-2007 |
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