The foresight bias has behavioral consequences: learners allocate similar study time to backward and forward pairs despite markedly lower recall for backward pairs¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r1–r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2006 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? On the first presentation, study time did not differ between backward and forward pairs, although recall for backward pairs was markedly inferior. → Koriat 2006 q3 i? With practice, participants shifted relatively more study time to the backward pairs. → Koriat 2006 (2)

Evidence¶

Koriat 2006¶

Koriat, A., & Bjork, R. A. (2006). Illusions of competence during study can be remedied by manipulations that enhance learners' sensitivity to retrieval conditions at test. Memory & Cognition, 34(5), 959-972. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193244

q3 · i? · causal · r1

Experiment 5, 24 English-speaking undergraduates in a self-paced paired-associates task with no JOLs solicited; the pair type measure ANOVA interaction was significant [F(2,46) 57.43, p .0001], and "there was no difference between the amount of time spent studying the backward and the forward pairs".

"A t test confirmed that less time was spent studying the backward pairs than studying the unrelated pairs [t(23) 6.08, p .0001] but that there was no difference between the amount of time spent studying the backward and the forward pairs [t(23) 0.30, n.s.]."

Koriat 2006 (2)¶

Koriat, A., & Bjork, R. A. (2006). Illusions of competence during study can be remedied by manipulations that enhance learners' sensitivity to retrieval conditions at test. Memory & Cognition, 34(5), 959-972. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193244

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Experiment 5, first two presentations: the presentation pair type interaction for backward versus forward pairs was significant [F(1,23) 8.71, p .01], indicating "a shift in study time allocation" toward backward pairs with practice.

"These results suggest a shift in study time allocation from the first to the second presentation in the direction of increased emphasis on the backward pairs,"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Backward-associated word pairs produce a foresight bias: judgments of learning are inflated relative to actual recall when the dominant association runs from target to cue — related
• Repeated study–test practice reduces the foresight bias for backward pairs, with the illusion of competence disappearing by the fourth presentation — related
• Test experience alleviates the foresight bias more effectively than study experience — related
• LFA discovered that backward application of the circle area formula is a distinct, harder skill with no transfer from forward application — related