Gender is associated with small differences in GenAI use, literacy, and monitoring, while educational level shows no significant differences¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 2 studies · 2 associational r2 · q2 · i0–i1
Currency · newest study 2026 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i1 Male participants reported higher use frequency (d = 0.30), reliance (d = 0.21), and operational and conceptual literacy (d = 0.26 each); female participants reported higher critical literacy (d = 0.23), monitoring (d = 0.14), and shortcut reliance (d = 0.19). → Amzalag M 2026 q2 i0 No significant differences emerged across educational levels on any measured GenAI variable, with uniformly negligible effect sizes (|d| < 0.10). → Amzalag M 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Amzalag M 2026¶

Amzalag M, Zviel-Girshin R and Beimel D (2026) The illusion of cognitive independence in the age of generative AI: unpacking GenAI literacy and learner profiles. Front. Educ. 11:1861548. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1861548

q2 · i1 · associational · r2

Independent-samples t-tests across gender on GenAI variables in the international survey sample. Males scored higher on use frequency (d = 0.30), reliance (d = 0.21), and operational and conceptual literacy (d = 0.26 each); the article also reports females higher on critical literacy (d = 0.23), monitoring (d = 0.14), and shortcut reliance (d = 0.19).

"Male participants reported a higher frequency of GenAI use, t(835) = 4.32, p < .001, d = 0.30; greater AI reliance, t(823) = 2.95, p = .003, d = 0.21; higher AI operational literacy, t(819) = 3.74, p < .001, d = 0.26; and higher conceptual AI knowledge, t(817) = 3.75, p < .001, d = 0.26."

Amzalag M 2026 (2)¶

Amzalag M, Zviel-Girshin R and Beimel D (2026) The illusion of cognitive independence in the age of generative AI: unpacking GenAI literacy and learner profiles. Front. Educ. 11:1861548. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1861548

q2 · i0 · associational · r2

Comparison of early-stage undergraduates (Years 1–2) with more advanced students on all measured GenAI variables; no significant differences (all ps > .24) and negligible effect sizes (|d| < 0.10), indicating consistency across stages of academic education.

"No significant differences emerged across any of the measured GenAI variables (all ps > .24), with uniformly negligible effect sizes (|d| < 0.10)."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Gender — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause

Related Claims¶

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