Four or more grades of school retardation perfectly indicates a mentality not above normal, and more than one grade of advancement perfectly indicates a mentality not below normal (Q = +1.00)¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 1918 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? With the normal mentality group defined as those within four grades retarded to one grade advanced, school retardation of four or more grades never co-occurs with above-normal mentality, and advancement of more than one grade never co-occurs with below-normal mentality, giving a perfect positive association QVI = +1.00. → Toops 1918

Evidence¶

Toops 1918¶

Toops, H. A., and Pintker, R. (1918). Mentality and School Progress. The Journal of Educational Psychology. https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Mentality+and+School+Progress+Toops+Pintner

q2 · i? · associational · r1

Distributional analysis of 1218 classified cases by years of retardation/advancement and I.Q. diagnosis (Table IV). The article adds that the chances greatly favor a backward diagnosis for four-grade retardation and a bright diagnosis for two-grade advancement; no standardized effect size is printed.

"By reference to Table IV, we see that no individual who is four or more grades retarded in school is above normal in mentality; also, that no individual who is more than one grade advanced in school is below normal in mentality. With these, limits, than, for our "normal" mentality group, we secure a perfect positive association, QVI = +1.00."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Excluding a middle 'normal' school group raises the association between school retardation/advancement and median-mentality to Q = +.85 — related
• Eliminating both the normal school and normal mentality (I.Q.) groups yields Q = +.97 between school retarded/advanced and mentally backward/bright — related
• In Goddard's Vineland examination of 1547 pupils, only about half of mentally over-age and under-age pupils show corresponding advancement or retardation in school grading — reports the opposite
• Pupils designated accelerated by their teachers, or selected by age-grade criteria, score above grade standards on the alertness tests — related
• Schools retard more children than mentality levels would predict: 36.8% are below normal in school versus 20.1% below normal in mentality — related
• Pupils designated retarded by their teachers score below grade-and-sex standards on the alertness tests — related