Most school-based intensive longitudinal studies collect data digitally (65.3%), and paper-and-pencil use has decreased significantly since 2020¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · review r3 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? A majority of articles (65.3%) used digital data collection (online surveys, pre-programmed devices, or apps). → Carina Schreiber & Michael Becker 2026 q2 i? Only 14.2% of articles published since 2020 used paper-and-pencil questionnaires, a significant decrease. → Carina Schreiber & Michael Becker 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Carina Schreiber & Michael Becker 2026¶

Carina Schreiber & Michael Becker. (2026). Intensive Longitudinal Methods in School Research: A Systematic Literature Review. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-026-10203-x

q2 · i? · review · r3

Descriptive analysis of devices used across included articles (Table 1): online survey 56 (24.2%), paper-and-pencil 68 (29.4%), pre-programmed device 54 (23.4%), app-based 41 (17.7%), other 12 (5.2%). The review reports "the majority of articles (65.3%)" used digital collection.

"In the majority of articles (65.3%), data was assessed digitally with online surveys, pre-programmed devices, or apps."

Carina Schreiber & Michael Becker 2026 (2)¶

Carina Schreiber & Michael Becker. (2026). Intensive Longitudinal Methods in School Research: A Systematic Literature Review. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-026-10203-x

q2 · i? · review · r3

Trend analysis of device use over time across included articles: the review reports paper-and-pencil use "has decreased significantly since 2020", with only 14.2% of post-2020 articles using this format, mirroring digitalisation trends in other research fields.

"The use of paper-and-pencil questionnaires has decreased significantly since 2020. Only in a fraction (14.2%) of the articles published since then has this data collection format been used."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• The final spring 2015 parent-survey pilot collected 253 parent responses across seven school-based and nine center-based Chicago preschool sites, in English and Spanish — related
• Data collection year does not significantly predict the digital reading-comprehension association, though it becomes significant when an outlier is included — related