Innovative competence differs by background variables, with AI interest level showing the strongest association¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q2 · i2 medium
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i2 Pre-service teachers with medium-to-high AI interest levels and AI usage frequencies showed significantly higher innovative competence, with AI interest showing the larger association (η2 = 0.116 vs. 0.029). → Liu Xu 2026 q2 i? No significant differences in innovative competence were found by gender or institution type. → Liu Xu 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Liu Xu 2026¶

Liu Xu, Zhang Meiqi, Du Jiaoyang. (2026). Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions of AI Technological Support and School-Based Intelligent Environment Support: Model-Based Indirect Associations with Innovative Competence via AI Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulated Learning. Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16081378

q2 · i2 · associational · r2

Difference analysis (ANOVA/t-tests) in the survey of 3003 pre-service teachers. The article reports "η2 = 0.116" for AI interest level and "η2 = 0.029" for AI usage frequency, both exceeding printed effect-size criteria, and concludes AI interest has the stronger association.

"medium-to-high AI usage frequencies [F (2, 3000) = 44.017, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.029], and medium-to-high AI interest levels [F (2, 3000) = 197.276, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.116] exhibited significantly higher overall innovative competence."

Liu Xu 2026 (2)¶

Liu Xu, Zhang Meiqi, Du Jiaoyang. (2026). Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions of AI Technological Support and School-Based Intelligent Environment Support: Model-Based Indirect Associations with Innovative Competence via AI Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulated Learning. Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16081378

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Null difference test from the same 3003-participant survey: no statistically significant difference by gender or institution type; equivalence was not tested and no effect size is printed.

"Difference analysis results showed no significant differences in pre-service teachers' innovative competence by gender or institution type."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Motivation — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes
• Interest — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes

Related Claims¶

• AI technological support is positively associated with innovative competence at all quantiles, with stronger associations at medium-to-high competence levels — related
• Pre-service teachers' innovative competence is at a medium-to-high level, with innovation practice the lowest subdimension — related
• School-based intelligent environment support shows an inverted U-shaped quantile pattern, stronger at lower-to-middle competence levels — related
• Structural paths did not differ significantly across AI usage-frequency groups, though exploratory coefficients varied numerically — related
• Focal paths are robust to background controls, which did not directly predict AI integration intention — related