Consolidation trajectories differ by schedule: IP-Sham is stable over 6 h then improves after sleep, while RP-Sham forgets in the first 6 h¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (3 entries) · causal r2 · q3 · i0–i3
Currency · newest study 2024 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i0 IP-Sham participants showed stable TT across the initial 6 h after training (d = 0.11). → Taewon Kim 2024 q3 i3 IP-Sham participants showed a significant TT reduction following overnight sleep (d = 0.91). → Taewon Kim 2024 (2) q3 i2 RP-Sham participants showed significant forgetting in the first 6 h after training (d = 0.72). → Taewon Kim 2024 (3)

Evidence¶

Taewon Kim 2024¶

Taewon Kim, Hakjoo Kim, Benjamin A. Philip & David L. Wright. (2024). M1 recruitment during interleaved practice is important for encoding, not just consolidation, of skill memory. npj Science of Learning 9, 77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-024-00290-2

q3 · i0 · causal · r2

Post-hoc paired comparison within the IP-Sham group (n = 18) on the 5-min vs 6-h retention tests: performance was "stable performance across the initial 6 h after training", d = 0.11, a negligible change.

"IP-Sham participants exhibited stable performance across the initial 6 h after training (t(17) = 0.45,p =0 . 6 2 , d = 0.11)"

Taewon Kim 2024 (2)¶

Taewon Kim, Hakjoo Kim, Benjamin A. Philip & David L. Wright. (2024). M1 recruitment during interleaved practice is important for encoding, not just consolidation, of skill memory. npj Science of Learning 9, 77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-024-00290-2

q3 · i3 · causal · r2

Post-hoc paired comparison within the IP-Sham group (n = 18) from 6 h to 24 h: the article reports "a reduction in TT following overnight sleep", d = 0.91, a large offline gain after sleep.

"and a reduction in TT following overnight sleep (t(17) = 3.74, p < 0.0001, d = 0.91)."

Taewon Kim 2024 (3)¶

Taewon Kim, Hakjoo Kim, Benjamin A. Philip & David L. Wright. (2024). M1 recruitment during interleaved practice is important for encoding, not just consolidation, of skill memory. npj Science of Learning 9, 77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-024-00290-2

q3 · i2 · causal · r2

Post-hoc paired comparison within the RP-Sham group (n = 18) on the 5-min vs 6-h retention tests: the group "displayed significant forgetting in thefirst 6 h after training", d = 0.72.

"In contrast, the RP-Sham group displayed significant forgetting in thefirst 6 h after training (t(17) = 2.98,p <0 . 0 1 ,d = 0.72)"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Long-Term Memory — outcome: instruction changes it

Related Claims¶

• ctDCS to M1 during interleaved practice does not disrupt subsequent offline consolidation, which proceeds similarly with and without stimulation — related
• Early offline gain after interleaved practice is reduced by ctDCS: IP-Sham improves from final training block to the 5-min test while IP-ctDCS remains stable — related
• Interleaved practice produces better long-term retention than repetitive practice via offline gains at 6 h and 24 h — related
• Stimulation at PMd during repetitive practice fails to induce the early (6-h) time-dependent consolidation typical of interleaved practice — reports the opposite
• Anodal tDCS at left PMd, but not right PMd, during repetitive practice produces sleep-related offline gain similar to interleaved practice — related
• Forgetting after repetitive practice is extremely rapid, appearing within roughly 3–5 minutes after training ends — related