Significant mixing and local costs are present at each preschool age, with both decreasing in magnitude from age 3;9 to 5;3¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2012 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · overdue for a recheck since 2017: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q3 i? The fixed effect of trial type was significant at each time point for mixing costs, with accuracy on no-shift trials 18%, 11%, and 7% below baseline at ages 3;9, 4;6, and 5;3. → Chevalier N. 2012 q3 i? Local costs were significant at each age, with children 6.5%, 4.5%, and 3% less accurate on shift than no-shift trials at ages 3;9, 4;6, and 5;3. → Chevalier N. 2012 (2)

Evidence¶

Chevalier N. 2012¶

Chevalier N., Sheffield T. D., Nelson J. M., Clark C. A. C., Wiebe S. A., Espy K. A. (2012). Underpinnings of the Costs of Flexibility in Preschool Children: The Roles of Inhibition and Working Memory. Developmental Neuropsychology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3308575/

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Multilevel models with only trial type and perseverator group showed significant mixing costs at all ages (e.g., γ = −.184, F(1, 399) = 65.89, p < .001 at 3;9); the article reports no-shift accuracy "18%, 11% and 7% less accurate than baseline trials at ages 3;9, 4;6 and 5;3, respectively."

"As anticipated, the fixed effect of trial type was significant at each time point, indicating there were significant mixing costs, γ = −.184, SE = .02, F(1, 399) = 65.89, p < .001 at age 3;9, γ = −.108, SE = .02, F(1, 469) = 35.60, p < .001 at age 4;6 and γ = −.074, SE = .01, F(1, 467) = 30.75, p < .001 at age 5;3."

Chevalier N. 2012 (2)¶

Chevalier N., Sheffield T. D., Nelson J. M., Clark C. A. C., Wiebe S. A., Espy K. A. (2012). Underpinnings of the Costs of Flexibility in Preschool Children: The Roles of Inhibition and Working Memory. Developmental Neuropsychology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3308575/

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Local-cost models showed significant trial-type effects at all ages (e.g., γ = −.065, F(1, 200) = 13.06, p < .001 at 3;9); children were "6.5%; 4.5%, and 3% less accurate on shift trials than no-shift trials at ages 3;9, 4;6 and 5;3, respectively."

"The fixed effect of trial type was significant at each time point, γ = −.065, SE = .02, F(1, 200) = 13.06, p < .001 at age 3;9, γ = −.045, SE = .01, F(1, 235) = 11.06, p = .001 at age 4;6 and γ = −.030, SE = .01, F(1, 234) = 6.00, p = .015 at age 5;3."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Inhibition and working-memory performance are associated with mixing costs (goal representation) at ages 4;6 and 5;3 but not at age 3;9 — related
• Local costs (switch implementation) showed no significant dependence on inhibition or working-memory performance at any of the preschool ages tested — related
• Higher inhibition and working-memory scores predict better overall Shape School accuracy at some ages, independent of trial type — related
• The proportion of perseverators declines steeply across the preschool period, from 38% at age 3;9 to 8% at age 5;3 — related
• Executive task accuracy and processing speed improve dramatically with age across the preschool period, with no cohort effect from repeated testing — related