No evidence of publication bias was detected in the pooled L2 gender-difference literature¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · quant-synthesis r3 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Funnel plot symmetry, a non-significant Egger test, and a fail-safe N of 5364 indicate absence of detectable publication bias. → Chen 2026

Evidence¶

Chen 2026¶

Chen, X., Zhou, Z., & Padilla, A. M. (2026). Do Females Outperform Males on Second/Foreign Language (L2) Achievement? A Meta-Analytical Review across Three Decades. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-10092-6

q3 · i? · quant-synthesis · r3

Publication-bias diagnostics for the meta-analysis: a symmetric funnel plot, the Egger regression test reported here, and fail-safe N = 5364 exceeding the 220 threshold. The authors urge caution under high heterogeneity.

"the non-significant result from the Egger test (b = 3.28, 95% CI [−22.40, 28.96], p > 0.05) indicated that the intercept value was not significantly different from zero, meaning an absence of a small-study effect or other form of bias"

Discussion¶

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