PSD dimensions correlate with trait curiosity, and playfulness correlates with designing fun but not designing competition, supporting the scale's convergent and discriminant validity¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2028: tool and model accuracy changes quickly

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Trait curiosity correlated positively with both designing fun and designing competition. → Costantini 2025 q3 i? A six-factor model keeping PSD dimensions distinct from curiosity, playfulness, CSE and PsyCap outperformed models collapsing them. → Costantini 2025 (2)

Evidence¶

Costantini 2025¶

Costantini, A., Bakker, A. B., & Scharp, Y. S. (2025). Playful Study Design: A Novel Approach to Enhancing Student Well-Being and Academic Performance. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-10022-6

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Correlational analysis of the full Study 1 sample (N = 753) assessed convergent and discriminant validity. As printed, "trait curiosity correlated positively with both designing fun and competition," while playfulness related only to designing fun, partially supporting the hypothesized pattern.

"trait curiosity correlated positively with both designing fun and competition, supporting Hypothesis 2. Trait playfulness correlated positively with designing fun but was unrelated to designing competition, partially supporting Hypothesis 3."

Costantini 2025 (2)¶

Costantini, A., Bakker, A. B., & Scharp, Y. S. (2025). Playful Study Design: A Novel Approach to Enhancing Student Well-Being and Academic Performance. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-10022-6

q3 · i? · associational · r2

A six-factor CFA on the full sample distinguished designing fun, designing competition, curiosity, playfulness, CSE and PsyCap. Despite moderate absolute fit (CFI = 0.83), the model "consistently outperformed all five-factor models" that merged PSD dimensions with related constructs, supporting distinctiveness.

"it consistently outperformed all five-factor models that collapsed designing fun or designing competition with related constructs."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Exam grades correlate positively with designing competition and near-zero with designing fun in the Study 1 correlation table — related
• Designing fun explains additional variance in peer interactions and popularity beyond core self-evaluations and PsyCap, whereas designing competition does not — related
• Playful study design is measured as a two-dimensional construct of designing fun and designing competition, supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses — related
• Both PSD dimensions explain variance in study engagement and subjective well-being beyond core self-evaluations and PsyCap, with designing competition contributing most to engagement — related
• A quasi-experimental PSD training intervention increased students' use of fun and competition when studying, with greater active learning, study task proactivity and absorption over time — related