REMind did not significantly change children's expectations that defending would help the victim feel better¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · design r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Victim-related outcome expectation scores increased but the change was not statistically significant; H2(b) was not confirmed. → Elaheh Sanoubari 2026

Evidence¶

Elaheh Sanoubari 2026¶

Elaheh Sanoubari, Neil Fernandes, Keith Rebello, Alicia Pan, Andrew Houston, and Kerstin Dautenhahn. (2026). Play-Testing REMind: Evaluating an Educational Robot-Mediated Role-Play Game. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.00300 doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.00300

q2 · i? · design · r2

Paired t-test on distance from the target value of 100 in the play-testing study. Scores rose from 70.94 to 78.06 but "t(17) = –0.89, p = .193"; the null does not establish equivalence.

"For outcome expectations regarding the victim (target = 100), scores increased from M = 70.94 to 78.06, but the change was not significant: t(17) = –0.89, p = .193. Therefore, H2(b) was not confirmed."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Motivation — outcome: instruction changes it

Related Claims¶

• After REMind, children's expectations that confronting a bully would stop the bullying shifted toward a calibrated midpoint — related
• Playing REMind significantly increased children's perceived self-efficacy for defending peers — related
• During REMind, nearly all children reported feeling sad for the victim and attributed bystander inaction mainly to low confidence or fear of retaliation — related
• Children who chose to comfort the victim reported higher self-efficacy and victim-help expectations than those who chose to confront the bully (descriptive, imbalanced groups) — related
• REMind did not significantly increase measured empathy, but baseline human-directed empathy correlated positively with robot-directed empathy — related
• By the end of the study all learner focus groups understood bullying as repeated aggression and reported being confident defenders — related