Security intentions and objective knowledge correlate with preparedness, and self-efficacy correlates with confidence¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (3 entries) · associational r1 · q2 · i1–i3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i3 SeBIS scores correlated negatively with the Unprepared factor (r(234) = −0.39, p < .001). → Adama 2026 q2 i1 Pew knowledge scores correlated negatively with the Unprepared factor (ρ(234) = −0.19, p = 0.001). → Adama 2026 (2) q2 i3 General Self-Efficacy scores correlated positively with the Confident factor (r(234) = 0.44, p < .001). → Adama 2026 (3)

Evidence¶

Adama 2026¶

Adama, V., Biddle, R., Arachchilage, N., & Lottridge, D. (2026). Confident yet Concerned: Inconsistencies in Computing Students' Attitudes on Cybersecurity. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.18541 doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18541

q2 · i3 · associational · r1

Pearson correlation between SeBIS scores and the Unprepared factor in the survey of 236 computing students. The article prints "SeBIS-F1: r(234) = −0.39, p<.001", a printed correlation of r = −0.39 supporting the hypothesised negative relationship between security intentions and feeling unprepared.

"SeBIS- F1:r(234) =−0.39,p<.001; Pew-F1:ρ(234) =−0.19, p= 0.001; GSE-F2:r(234) = 0.44,p <.001."

Adama 2026 (2)¶

Adama, V., Biddle, R., Arachchilage, N., & Lottridge, D. (2026). Confident yet Concerned: Inconsistencies in Computing Students' Attitudes on Cybersecurity. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.18541. doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18541

q2 · i1 · associational · r1

Spearman correlation between Pew objective-knowledge totals and the Unprepared factor, using Spearman because Pew is a limited ordinal scale. The article prints "Pew-F1: ρ(234) = −0.19, p = 0.001", a printed correlation of ρ = −0.19.

"SeBIS- F1:r(234) =−0.39,p<.001; Pew-F1:ρ(234) =−0.19, p= 0.001; GSE-F2:r(234) = 0.44,p <.001."

Adama 2026 (3)¶

Adama, V., Biddle, R., Arachchilage, N., & Lottridge, D. (2026). Confident yet Concerned: Inconsistencies in Computing Students' Attitudes on Cybersecurity. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.18541. doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18541

q2 · i3 · associational · r1

Pearson correlation between the adapted General Self-Efficacy scale and the Confident factor in the same survey. The article prints "GSE-F2: r(234) = 0.44, p<.001", a printed correlation of r = 0.44 supporting the hypothesised positive relationship between self-efficacy and confidence.

"SeBIS- F1:r(234) =−0.39,p<.001; Pew-F1:ρ(234) =−0.19, p= 0.001; GSE-F2:r(234) = 0.44,p <.001."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Computing students show high objective cybersecurity knowledge, with over 75% answering five or more of seven Pew questions correctly — related
• Computing students learn cybersecurity mainly from informal sources outside the classroom, with word of mouth, social media, and financial institutions most common — related
• Two attitude clusters differ significantly on preparedness, confidence, and interest (p<.0001), with Cluster 1 lower on Pew and GSE but not SeBIS, and reporting more word-of-mouth learning — related
• Self-efficacy predicts cluster membership, with the article concluding self-efficacy may play a foundational role in the cluster difference — related
• Students' confidence and readiness correlate mostly with self-efficacy and collaboration rather than with formal instruction — related