SLD stigma effects on psychological adjustment appear in middle childhood as well as adolescence, and no discernible age pattern emerged across the reviewed studies¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · quant-synthesis r3 · q2
Currency · newest study 2023 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2028: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Contrary to arguments that younger children are not vulnerable to stigma and stereotype threat, studies including participants in middle childhood still found medium and large stigma effects on psychological adjustment, and no discernible age pattern emerged. → Haft Stephanie L. 2023

Evidence¶

Haft Stephanie L. 2023¶

Haft Stephanie L., Greiner de Magalhães Caroline, Hoeft Fumiko. (2023). A Systematic Review of the Consequences of Stigma and Stereotype Threat for Individuals With Specific Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194221087383

q2 · i? · quant-synthesis · r3

Review examination of study characteristics regarding participant age. The review reports that although some authors argue younger children may not be vulnerable, "studies including participants in middle childhood still found medium and large effects of SLD stigma on psychological adjustment," and the single adult-out-of-school study (Abraham et al., 2002) found large stigma–self-esteem effects.

"This trend was not borne out in the present review, however—studies including participants in middle childhood still found medium and large effects of SLD stigma on psychological adjustment (Chan et al., 2017; Heyman, 1990; Maki, 2021)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Greater SLD stigma is generally associated with less optimal psychological adjustment (anxiety, depression, coping, self-efficacy, quality of life), though most associations could not be meta-analytically pooled
• Greater SLD stigma is associated with lower self-esteem, with a pooled medium-sized correlation (r = −.39) across nine effect sizes from six studies
• Experimental stereotype threat effects in SLD samples are heterogeneous (Hedges's g 0.06–1.16), with effects more robust for motivation-related psychological outcomes than for cognitive or academic performance outcomes — related
• Stigma awareness is associated with higher academic anxiety and lower intrinsic motivation among elementary-age children — related