All three social class indicators (parental education, family cultural capital, family economic capital) positively predict standardized test performance among 15-year-olds¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr3·q2·i1small
Currency · newest study 2024 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i1 Parental education, family cultural capital, and family economic capital are each positive predictors of PISA test performance in Studies 2a and 2b. → Nele Claes 2024
q2 i1 Culturally based indicators are descriptively more strongly associated with performance than the economically based indicator. → Nele Claes 2024
Evidence¶
Nele Claes 2024¶
Nele Claes, Annique Smeding, Arnaud Carré, Nicolas Sommet. (2024). The social class test gap: A worldwide investigation of the role of academic anxiety and income inequality in standardized test score disparities. Journal of Educational Psychology, 116(6), 871-888. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000881
q2 · i1 · associational · r3
Multilevel analyses of PISA 2012 (480,174 students, 65 countries) and PISA 2015 (519,334 students, 72 countries) regressed performance on each indicator. Study 2a: "β = 0.12 [0.10, 0.14], p < .001, β = 0.09 [0.07, 0.10], p < .001, and β = 0.04 [0.03, 0.05], p < .001"; Study 2b: β = 0.09, β = 0.11, β = 0.03.
"Consistent with H1a, across Studies 2a and 2b, the analyses revealed that all three social class indicators—parental education, family cultural capital, and family economic capital—were positive predictors of test performance"
Discussion¶
Learner Variables¶
- Socioeconomic Status — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause
Related Claims¶
- Academic anxiety mediates between one-tenth and one-fifth of the social class test gap across social class indicators, anxiety forms, and school domains — related
- National income inequality strengthens the economically based social class test gap (family economic capital) — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
- National income inequality weakens the culturally based social class test gap (parental education, cultural capital) — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
social-class-indicators-positive-predictors-pisa-performance |
title |
All three social class indicators (parental education, family cultural capital, family economic capital) positively predict standardized test performance among 15-year-olds |
description |
All three social class indicators (parental education, family cultural capital, family economic capital) positively predict standardized test performance among 15-year-olds |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2024 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-24 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — nele-claes-2024 |
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