Hong Kong fourth graders' OMR self-efficacy and emotions form three distinct motivational-emotional profiles: positive, moderate, and ambivalent¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r1–r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · checked against its sources 2026-10-23 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Latent profile analysis of self-efficacy and emotion indicators yielded a three-group solution (positive, moderate, ambivalent profiles). → Zhu 2026 q2 i? The ambivalent profile combined high self-efficacy and high enjoyment with high boredom and anxiety. → Zhu 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Zhu 2026¶

Zhu, S., Yao, Y., Cheong, C. M., & Zhu, X. (2026). Latent motivational-emotional profiles and their effects on strategy use and performance in online multimodal reading tasks: A mixed-methods investigation. Learning and Instruction. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102386

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Latent profile analysis of questionnaire data from 280 fourth-grade students, using three self-efficacy and three emotion indicators; the three-class solution showed entropy of .836 and was chosen over a four-class solution whose first class held too few individuals.

"Given that the third group's entropy exceeded .80 (.836) and other fit indices were satisfactory, a three-group solution was deemed most appropriate for the analysis."

Zhu 2026 (2)¶

Zhu, S., Yao, Y., Cheong, C. M., & Zhu, X. (2026). Latent motivational-emotional profiles and their effects on strategy use and performance in online multimodal reading tasks: A mixed-methods investigation. Learning and Instruction. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102386

q2 · i? · associational · r1

Profile characterization from the same LPA: the Positive Group (G1, N = 96, 34.29%) showed high self-efficacy with high enjoyment and low boredom and anxiety; the Moderate Group (G2, N = 111, 39.64%) showed moderate levels across all six indicators; the "Ambivalent Group (G3, N = 73, 26.07%)" showed the paradoxical pattern.

"The Ambivalent Group (G3, N = 73, 26.07%) exhibited a paradoxical pattern: high self-efficacy and high enjoyment, but also high boredom and anxiety."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• The ambivalent profile reported the highest OMR strategy use but achieved the lowest OMR performance, while the positive profile scored highest — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Ambivalent-profile students undervalued visual information and rigidly applied print-reading strategies, undermining their OMR comprehension — related
• The disorientation strategy negatively predicted OMR performance in the moderate and ambivalent profiles but not in the positive profile — related
• Strategy effectiveness varied across profiles: main idea selection helped only the ambivalent group and trial-and-error helped only the moderate group — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Three academic self-efficacy profiles (low, moderate, high) are identified among university students with motor disabilities using Latent Profile Analysis — related
• Latent profile analysis of 2015 PISA data identifies four collaborative problem-solver profiles among Chinese 15-year-old students — related
• Four distinct action-control belief profiles (agentic, moderate, avoidant, and mixed) emerge among Finnish ninth graders — related