The ten-construct instrument showed strong psychometric quality, with the four ARCS dimensions forming a psychometrically sound higher-order motivation construct¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? The MGRM-IRT analysis showed strong item discrimination (mean a = 1.91–2.47), excellent fit (CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.001), and marginal reliability of 0.88–0.92. → Xin Tian 2026 q2 i? All four ARCS first-order dimensions loaded strongly on the higher-order motivation construct (outer loadings 0.796–0.828), supporting Keller's multidimensional-yet-unified conceptualization. → Xin Tian 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Xin Tian 2026¶

Xin Tian, Musa Adekunle Ayanwale, Rethabile Rosemary Molefi, Preeti Manchanda, Nurgün Gençel and Barakat Olabisi Ogunjoun. (2026). Decoding symmetric and asymmetric pathways in generative AI learning adoption: a multi-method study. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-026-00613-w

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Multidimensional graded response IRT calibration on the 842-respondent survey data; the article reports the printed fit indices verbatim, plus item loadings of 0.65–0.88 and marginal reliability coefficients of 0.88–0.92 exceeding the 0.70 benchmark.

"At the global level, the MGRM demonstrated excellent model fit, χ2(2847) = 2816.43, p = 0.655, RMSEA = 0.001 (90% CI [.001, .006]), SRMSR = 0.026, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.95."

Xin Tian 2026 (2)¶

Xin Tian, Musa Adekunle Ayanwale, Rethabile Rosemary Molefi, Preeti Manchanda, Nurgün Gençel and Barakat Olabisi Ogunjoun. (2026). Decoding symmetric and asymmetric pathways in generative AI learning adoption: a multi-method study. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-026-00613-w

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Two-stage reflective–reflective PLS-SEM higher-order construct assessment (Table 7) in the same survey; the HOC showed α = 0.829, ρc = 0.886, and AVE = 0.661, which the authors say supports Keller's multidimensional-yet-unified motivation theory.

"all first-order con - structs demonstrated strong loadings on ARCS Motivation, with outer loadings rang - ing from 0.796 to 0.828, exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.70."

Discussion¶

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