VR behavioural measures (word gaze, assembly time, rotation) did not predict word learning outcomes¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r2 · q3 · i2 medium
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Word gaze, assembly time, and rotation did not correlate significantly with VR recall scores. → Rudling 2026 q3 i2 Word gaze differed by gender (girls looked longer; Cohen's d = 0.79) and correlated with age (r = 0.34). → Rudling 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Rudling 2026¶

Rudling, M., Rumetshofer, T., Nirme, J. & Mårtensson, J. (2026). Embodied Word Learning in Schools and Sustained Attention in Virtual Reality. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00395-2

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Correlational analyses of headset-derived behaviour in the crossover study. Assembly time (r = -0.01, p = 0.954) and rotation (r = -0.01, p = 0.914) also did not correlate significantly with VR recall.

"We first correlated Word gaze with the VR recall scores, but found no significant correlation (r = -0.06, p = 0.609, BCaCI 95% CI = -0.27; 0.14, n = 71)."

Rudling 2026 (2)¶

Rudling, M., Rumetshofer, T., Nirme, J. & Mårtensson, J. (2026). Embodied Word Learning in Schools and Sustained Attention in Virtual Reality. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00395-2

q3 · i2 · causal · r2

Correlational and t-test analyses of the eye-tracking Word Gaze measure. Older children looked longer at the written word (r = 0.34); girls looked longer than boys (Cohen's d = 0.79). Rotation correlated with age (r = -0.37) and gender (r = -0.38).

"Word gaze was however significantly correlated with age (r = 0.34, p = 0.003, 95% BCaCI = 0.13; 0.53, n = 72) as older children seemed to have looked longer at the written word. Additionally, there was a significant difference between genders (t(70) = 3.35, p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.79) where girls (M = 0.23 % of the time the word was displayed, SD = 0.10) looked longer than boys (M = 0.16 %, SD = 0.06)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• PC-based passive viewing yielded higher word recall than embodied VR assembly training in school-aged children — related
• Sustained attention, not learning condition, was the strongest predictor of children's word recall — related
• The PC-over-VR recall difference was significant only for children with higher sustained attention — related
• Longer online reading times on unknown words are associated with higher vocabulary recall test scores — related