Belief structure: sources, levels (zero-order, first-order, higher order), and the belief-value-attitude distinction¶

Theory · All theories
Evidence · no claims cited

Description¶

Drawing on Daryl Bem, Apps describes the nature of beliefs: they come from two sources—experience and authority—and are held at levels. "Within primitive beliefs Bem differentiateszero-order and first-order beliefs." Zero-order beliefs are taken so much for granted that we do not know we have them; first-order beliefs are ones whose alternatives we can imagine; higher-order beliefs are derived from authority, induction from experience, or premises of prior syllogisms. Apps also distinguishes beliefs (what we assume true), values (what we regard as good), and attitudes (likes and dislikes).

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

• Analysis of one's belief system requires first recognizing beliefs, since some zero-order beliefs must be discovered before they can be analyzed.

Constraints¶

• The interrelatedness of premises supporting beliefs is extremely complex, which Apps says is one reason their modification is difficult.

Target Learners¶

• adult educators analyzing their own belief systems

Target Learning Objectives¶

• recognizing, analyzing, judging, and evaluating one's beliefs

Claims¶

Related Theories¶

• Apps Four Category Working Philosophy Framework
• Taxonomy of five educational philosophies for adult education
• Traditional versus modern philosophies distinguished by who determines ends and means

Examples¶

• A four-step process for examining beliefs: recognition, analysis, judgment, and evaluation

Key Sources¶

• Apps, Jerold W. (1973). Toward a Working Philosophy of Adult Education. Syracuse University Publications in Continuing Education / ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED078229